Personal space
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Gary W. Evansa and Roger B. Howard
aU. Massachusetts
Available online 22 May 2007.
Reviews major findings of personal-space research in clinical psychology, personality, demographic studies (including sex, age, cross-cultural studies), and studies of the effects of familiarity and affinity. The substantial lack of consistent findings in the literature is attributed to the lack of experimental controls in most of the personal-space research. It is suggested that researchers explore personal space using multivariate techniques. In addition to a brief exposition of theoretical developments, a theory is presented which suggests that personal space is a functional, mediating, cognitive construct which allows the human organism to operate at acceptable stress levels and aids in the control of intraspecies aggression. (3 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Science Direct
Thursday, January 20, 2011
Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding
Altman, Irwin
This book presents an analysis of the concepts of privacy, crowding, territory, and personal space, with regard to human behavior. Intended as an introduction to the environment-and-behavior field for undergraduate and graduate students, as a preliminary guide to research and theory for researchers, and as a model for integrating environmental and social concepts for practitioners, the book contains the following discussions: a brief description of the four central concepts; an analysis of privacy in terms of meaning, conceptions, mechanisms, and dynamics; an examination of personal space as it relates to meaning, theory, research, and special topics; and an analysis of both crowding and territory, again with a focus on research and theory. (KS)
Eric.Ed
This book presents an analysis of the concepts of privacy, crowding, territory, and personal space, with regard to human behavior. Intended as an introduction to the environment-and-behavior field for undergraduate and graduate students, as a preliminary guide to research and theory for researchers, and as a model for integrating environmental and social concepts for practitioners, the book contains the following discussions: a brief description of the four central concepts; an analysis of privacy in terms of meaning, conceptions, mechanisms, and dynamics; an examination of personal space as it relates to meaning, theory, research, and special topics; and an analysis of both crowding and territory, again with a focus on research and theory. (KS)
Eric.Ed
The space between us
Despite a plethora of knowledge, both behavioural and neural, of the mechanisms defining space around a singular body little is known about the neural mechanisms that encode space between bodies. Yet, the space between people creates and defines the social dynamics of our interactions with others. This review brings together evidence from social psychology, which considers individuals and their interactions as whole beings, with neuroscientific evidence of the factors involved in spatial coding to propose a framework by which we can investigate and interpret the neural substrates of 'social space'. A key feature of this framework is that space around the body is defined from a functional 'action-centred' perspective; the same underlying processes mediate interactions with both inanimate and animate objects, with links to emotive and motivational systems encoding the saliency of those interactions. The investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying interpersonal space is timely given the increasing density of our populations and can provide a richer interpretation of findings from neuroimaging studies of prosocial behaviour which may further insights into populations with social dysfunction.
Don't stand so close to me
We provide preliminary evidence that listening to music through headphones alters the perception of space around the body -- specifically, the interpersonal distance maintained between the self and others. In comparison to an external auditory environment, wearing headphones or earplugs increased the amount of space maintained between the wearer and another person during an active approach paradigm. This finding suggests that, when external cues to spatial location (such as sound) are removed, people compensate by increasing the distance between themselves and others. The implications of this research for navigating busy urban environments and for the social interactions of wearers of personal music systems are discussed.
Doctors' perceptions of personal boundaries
Definitions of professional roles and appropriate care are increasingly inclusive in primary care but many subjective factors influence the care that is actually delivered. One such factor is the boundary a clinician puts on his or her self in interactions with patients. This qualitative study investigated doctors' perceptions of personal boundaries to primary care consultations by exploring two examples: touch and spiritual care. Respondents reported clear but contrasting boundaries: some neither used touch nor explored spiritual care; others regularly undertook both. Some interviewees deliberately varied these boundaries, irrespective of their own views, if they felt this was in their patients' best interests. Such subjective limits may affect the quality of primary health care offered to some patients and contrast with theoretical definitions which assume both all-encompassing primary care, and doctors' conscious awareness of themselves and their personal boundaries. The existence of these boundaries, and some doctors' lack of awareness of them, has educational implications if patient-centred professional role definitions are to be realistically delivered in everyday primary care.
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Social Immersive Media
This research defines social immersive media: a distinct form of augmented reality focused on social interaction.
The research articulates philosophical goals, design principles, and interaction techniques that create strong emotional responses and social engagement through visceral interaction. The research describes approaches to clearly communicate cultural and scientific ideas through the medium and demonstrates how practitioners can design interactions that promote specific social behaviors in users.
(Scott Snibbe)
The research articulates philosophical goals, design principles, and interaction techniques that create strong emotional responses and social engagement through visceral interaction. The research describes approaches to clearly communicate cultural and scientific ideas through the medium and demonstrates how practitioners can design interactions that promote specific social behaviors in users.
(Scott Snibbe)
personal space
The distances and angles of orientation that people maintain from one another as they interact. Personal space is typically measured as the distance between individuals (“interpersonal distance”). Equating personal space to an invisible “bubble” is appealing but has been criticized because it implies that personal space has one distinct boundary and exists even when people are alone. Because interpersonal cues change with increasing distances, personal spacing is one of several “boundary regulation” mechanisms that allow individuals to achieve and communicate desired levels of contact and intimacy (e.g., touch, visual, auditory, olfactory, and warmth cues vary in intensity; see nonverbal communication ). E. T. Hall described four personal space zones that reflect varying degrees of cue exchange: intimate distance (0cm–15cm); personal distance (45cm – 120cm); social distance (1.2m–3.5m); and public distance (3.5 m).
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